Space Mission Engineering (SME): The New SMAD is an entirely new approach to creating both a text and a practical engineering reference for space mission design. Just as space technology has advanced, the way we learn and work has changed dramatically in recent years. SME combines the best features of a traditional unified text and reference covering the entire field, an electronic version that does many of the calculations for you, and the web that allows regular updates and references to the vast literature base available on-line. Among the many features of this new approach are: • Completely rewritten, updated, and expanded follow-on to the 3rd edition of Space Mission Analysis and Design, the most widely used text and reference in astronautics, covering a great many topics not previously covered, such as CubeSats, Inflatable Structures, Space Economics, End-of-Mission options, Space System Risk Analysis, and new, much more precise formulas for ground station and target coverage. • Downloadable electronic spreadsheets for most of the numerical tables and plots in the book that let you, for example, calculate all of the critical parameters for orbits about the Sun, Moon, Earth, and any of the other planets, or even new planets, moons, or stars of your choosing. • An annotated bibliography and references on the web that is updated as new references become available and that shows you where to get nearly all of the references — with direct links for those available at no cost and where on the web to buy copyright books and professional papers not available for free. • All of the cross-referencing, careful definitions, and thoroughly explained equations that are the key ingredient of any high-quality engineering text or reference, along with the wisdom and experience gained at substantial cost by some of most experienced and knowledgeable space system engineers in the world. • Want to talk to a real human being that can spell astronautics about the problem you need to solve? Send an E-mail inquiry about this book to bookproject@smad.com or astronautics books in general to bookstore@smad.com, visit one of the associated websites (www.smad-sme.com or www.astrobooks.com), or call us at 1-310-219-2700 or 1-888-ASTROBK. Want to get in touch with one of the authors, report a possible error, or find the reference you need? Call, or send us an E-mail. It’s a small community, and we’re here to help you find what you need to get the job done. For educators, we provide a complete Educator Package with all of the charts, figures, and photos in the book, in color and high resolution to provide the best educational experience for your students. Contact us at bookstore@smad.com. Space Tech. Library Volume 23 Springer Microcosm Press Space Mission Engineering: The New SMAD James R. Wertz Microcosm USC Jeffery J. Puschell Raytheon David F. Everett NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Table of Contents: PART I—SPACE MISSION ENGINEERING 1. Introduction 1.1 What is Space Mission Engineering? 1.2 History of Spacefl ight 1.3 Spacefl ight Technology 1.4 Spacefl ight Economics 1.5 The Wide Range of Space Mission Applications 1.6 Sources of More information 2. Space Mission Communities 2.1 Multiple Space Communities 2.2 Differences and Similarities Between Communities 2.3 Changing Missions 3. Space Mission Engineering 3.1 The Space Mission Engineering Process 3.2 FireSat II and the Supplemental Communications System (SCS) 3.3 Mission Objectives and Constraints (Step 1) 3.4 Principal Players and Program Timescales (Steps 2 and 3) 3.5 Preliminary Estimate of Mission Needs, Requirements, and Constraints (Step 4) 4. Mission Concept Defi nition and Exploration 4.1 Defi ning Alternative Mission Architectures (Step 5)—Choosing the Pieces 4.2 Defi ning Alternative Mission Concepts (Step 6)— How the Pieces Work Together 4.3 Introduction to Concept Exploration 4.4 Defi ning System Drivers and Critical Requirements (Step 7) 5. Mission Analysis and Mission Utility 5.1 Introduction to Mission Analysis 5.2 Studies with Limited Scope 5.3 System Trade Studies and Performance Assessments (Step 8) 5.4 Mission Utility and Figures of Merit— Is the Mission Worthwhile? (Step 9) 5.5 Defi ning the Baseline Mission Concepts, Revising Requirements and Evaluating Alternatives (Steps 10–12) 5.6 Examples: FireSat II and SCS 5.7 Deciding Whether a Mission Should Proceed 6. Formal Requirements Defi nition 6.1 The Requirements Defi nition Process 6.2 Budgeting, Allocation, and Flow-Down 6.3 Introduction to Error Analysis 6.4 Specifi cations and Requirements Documentation 6.5 System Engineering Tools 6.6 The Role of Standards in Space Systems Development 6.7 Are Requirements Needed?—Capability-Based vs. Requirements-Based Systems 7. The Space Environment 7.1 The Space Environment and Space Weather 7.2 The Earth’s Magnetic Field 7.3 Radiation Belts 7.4 Microgravity 7.5 Orbital Debris 8. Space Mission Geometry 8.1 Introduction to Space Mission Geometry 8.2 Applications 8.3 Looking at the Earth from Space 8.4 Computing Parameters for a Single Target or Ground Station Pass 8.5 Satellite Relative Motion 8.6 Mapping and Pointing Budgets 9. Orbits and Astrodynamics 9.1 Keplerian Orbits 9.2 Orbits of the Moon and Planets 9.3 Spacecraft Orbit Terminology 9.4 Orbit Perturbations, Geopotential Models, and Satellite Decay 9.5 Specialized Orbits 9.6 Orbit Maneuvers 9.7 Summary—The Rules of Practical Astrodynamics 10. Orbit and Constellation Design—Selecting the Right Orbit 10.1 The Orbit Selection and Design Process 10.2 Orbit Performance—Evaluating Earth Coverage and Payload Performance 10.3 Orbit Cost—Delta V Budget and the Orbit Cost Function 10.4 Selecting Earth-Referenced Orbits 10.5 Selecting Transfer, Parking, and Space-Referenced Orbits 10.6 Summary of Constellation Design 10.7 Design of Interplanetary Orbits 11. Cost Estimating 11.1 Introduction to Cost Estimating 11.2 Estimating Tools 11.3 Other Considerations in the Cost Estimate 11.4 Example Space Mission Estimates 12. Space System Financing and Space Law 12.1 Sources of Space Financing 12.2 GAAP, Amortization and Return on Investment (ROI) 12.3 Law and Policy Considerations 13. Reducing Space Mission Cost and Schedule 13.1 The Need to Reinvent Space 13.2 It’s Possible, but It Isn’t Easy 13.3 Counterproductive Approaches to Reducing Cost 13.4 Cost vs. Reliability—Focusing on Mission Objectives 13.5 Principal Methods for Reducing Cost and Schedule 13.6 Avoiding Cost and Schedule Overruns PART II—SPACECRAFT AND PAYLOAD DESIGN 14. Overview of Spacecraft Design 14.1 The Spacecraft Design Process 14.2 Spacecraft System Design Drivers 14.3 Spacecraft Confi guration Alternatives 14.4 Partitioning Spacecraft into Subsystems 14.5 Creating Preliminary Spacecraft Budgets 14.6 Design Evolution 14.7 Examples 14.8 Future of Spacecraft Design 15. Overview of Payload Design 15.1 Types of Space Payloads 15.2 Mission System Concept or Subject Trade— What is the System Measuring or Working With? 15.3 Payload Design 15.4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 15.5 Examples 16. Communications Payloads 16.1 Space Mission Communications Architectures 16.2 Communication Link Analysis 16.3 Communications Payload Design 16.4 Sample Missions 17. Observation Payloads 17.1 Observation Payload Design 17.2 Observation Payload Sizing 17.3 Sample Mission–VIIRS 17.4 The Evolution of Observation Payloads 18. Spacecraft Subsystems I—Propulsion 18.1 Basic Rocket Equations 18.2 Staging 18.3 Chemical Propulsion Systems 18.4 Plume Considerations 18.5 System Design Elements 18.6 Electric Propulsion 18.7 Alternative Propulsion Systems for In-Space Use 18.8 Examples 19. Spacecraft Subsystems II—Control Systems 19.1 Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control Systems 19.2 Spacecraft Trajectory Navigation and Control Systems 20. Spacecraft Subsystems III—On-Board Processing 20.1 Computer System Baseline 20.2 Preliminary Design 20.3 FireSat II Example 20.4 Modular Approaches to Processing 21. Spacecraft Subsystems IV—Communications and Power 21.1 Telemetry, Tracking, and Command (TT&C) 21.2 Power 22. Spacecraft Subsystems V—Structures and Thermal 22.1 Spacecraft Structures and Mechanisms 22.2 Spacecraft Thermal Control 23. Space Logistics and Manufacturing 23.1 LEO Communications Constellations 23.2 LEO Monolithic vs. Distributed Architectures 23.3 Spacecraft Manufacturing Integration and Test 23.4 System Mission Verifi cation and Validation 23.5 Multi-Spacecraft Manufacturing 23.6 Alternative Approaches to Space Manufacturing 23.7 Intangible Factors in Manufacturing 24. Risk and Reliability 24.1 Reliability 24.2 Space System Risk Analysis 25. Alternative Spacecraft Designs 25.1 Space Tethers 25.2 Infl atable Structures 25.3 SmallSats 25.4 CubeSats 25.5 Differences Between International Approaches to Space PART III—LAUNCH AND OPERATIONS 26. Launch Vehicles 26.1 Launch Vehicle Selection 26.2 History Prior to 2010 26.3 Basic Mechanics of Launch 26.4 Launch Environments 26.5 Available Vehicles 27. Launch Operation 27.1 Worldwide Launch Sites and Launch Restrictions 27.2 Launch Site Preparations 27.3 Readiness Reviews and Mission Dress Rehearsals 27.4 Launch Site Access 27.5 Launch Site Training 27.6 Transporting the Spacecraft to the Launch Site 27.7 Launch Site Processing 27.8 Launch Day 27.9 Post Launch and Early Orbit Operations 27.10 Modernizing Launch Operations 27.11 Common Mistakes to Avoid 28. Ground System Design 28.1 Antenna Services 28.2 Data Accounting and Distribution Services 28.3 Ground System Driving Requirements and Sizing 28.4 Mission Examples 28.5 Technology Trends 28.6 Summary 29. Mission Operations 29.1 Mission Planning and Operations Development 29.2 Mission Execution 29.3 Mission Termination and Post-Mission Activities 29.4 Mission Operations Process Improvement and Best Practices 29.5 The Future of Mission Operations 30. End of Mission Considerations 30.1 Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) End of Mission Guidelines 30.2 Low Earth Orbit LEO Disposal Options 30.3 Non-LEO Disposal Options 30.4 Passivation 30.5 Disposal Planning 30.6 FireSat II and SCS Examples APPENDICES A. Mass and Power Distribution for Spacecraft B. Physical and Orbit Properties of the Sun, Earth, Moon, and Planets C. Summary of Keplerian Orbit and Coverage Equations D. Mission Geometry Formulas E. Time and Date Systems F. Coordinate Transformations; Vector, Matrix, and Quarternion Algebra G. Statistical Error Analysis (web only) H. Units and Conversion Factors I. Earth Satellite Parameters